According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), bipolar disorders are a group of mental illnesses causing significant changes in mood and energy levels. People with bipolar disorder experience alternating periods of mania (or hypomania) and depression.
Statistics:
- Bipolar disorder typically affects individuals between 15 and 44 years old.
- In 2011, it ranked 2nd for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Europe.
- In the US, 2.8% of adults experience bipolar disorder annually, with over 80% classified as severe.
- The disorder affects men and women equally (2.9% vs. 2.8%).
- Misdiagnosis rates range from 10-40%.
- Among identical twins, if one has bipolar disorder, the other has a 40-70% likelihood of also being affected.
The Stigma Around Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is often misunderstood and stigmatized. Many believe those with bipolar disorder are highly unstable, constantly shifting from mania to depression. While some may experience mixed episodes, this stereotype is inaccurate for most.
In media, individuals with bipolar disorder are often labeled as “crazy” and portrayed as violent or incapable of leading normal lives. Such depictions reinforce harmful stigmas. Books like Stephen Hinshaw’s Another Kind of Madness illustrate the damaging impact of these stereotypes.
It’s also common for people to dismiss bipolar disorder as mere mood swings, trivializing the experience. Living with bipolar disorder involves significant challenges that affect every aspect of life, including relationships and daily functioning. Managing the condition requires a strict, healthy routine and ongoing effort.
Importantly, people have bipolar disorder; they are not defined by it. Language matters, so refer to individuals as having bipolar disorder rather than calling them bipolar.
Stigmas around bipolar disorder can discourage people from seeking help. Media often romanticizes or trivializes the condition, while harmful stereotypes depict those with bipolar disorder as weak or incapable. This dual stigma creates a paradox: bipolar disorder is either dismissed as not real or seen as a sign of personal weakness.
Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder
The APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes bipolar disorder into three main types:
- Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode. Depression may or may not be present.
- Bipolar II Disorder: Involves one or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode.
- Cyclothymic Disorder: Consists of periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that don’t meet the criteria for major episodes, lasting at least two years.
Symptoms and Phases
Manic Phase:
- Impulsive and risky behaviors (e.g., excessive spending, gambling)
- Lack of inhibition
- Aggression
- Decreased need for sleep and food
- Hypersexuality
Depressive Phase:
- Very low mood
- Fatigue
- Weight changes
- Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping)
- Suicidal thoughts in severe cases
Misdiagnosis is common, as symptoms of bipolar disorder can overlap with other conditions like ADHD, substance abuse, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial.
Causes
Bipolar disorder has no single cause. Potential factors include:
- Genetics: Family history increases risk.
- Brain Structure: Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
- Social Factors: Stressful life events and trauma can trigger episodes.
- Substance Abuse: Can induce or worsen the disorder.
To conclude, Bipolar disorder is a serious, treatable mental health condition. Accurate diagnosis, understanding, and appropriate treatment can help individuals manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. It’s essential to challenge stigmas and support those living with bipolar disorder by recognizing the reality of their experiences.
